Are Indian Courts Bound to Follow International Law?

 Introduction 

The relationship between international law and domestic legal systems is complex and multifaceted. While international law sets norms and standards for states' conduct, the question arises whether Indian courts are bound to follow international law. In this blog, we delve into the principles that govern the incorporation and application of international law within the Indian legal framework.

1. Dualist Legal System:

India follows a dualist legal system, where international law and domestic law operate as separate and distinct entities. According to this system, international law does not automatically become a part of domestic law unless it is expressly incorporated through legislation or ratified treaties.

2. Incorporation of International Law:

Incorporation of international law into Indian law requires the enactment of specific legislation or ratification of treaties. Indian Parliament has the authority to enact laws that align with international legal obligations, incorporating them into the domestic legal framework. Furthermore, treaties ratified by India become binding and enforceable domestically.

3. Status of Treaties:

Treaties ratified by India are considered binding under international law. The Indian Constitution recognizes treaties as a source of law, and courts have the power to interpret and apply them. However, treaties cannot override conflicting provisions of domestic law, and in case of inconsistency, domestic law prevails.

4. Direct Applicability:

Certain provisions of international law may be directly applicable in Indian courts, even without specific legislative incorporation. For instance, customary international law, which consists of general practices accepted as law, can be applied by Indian courts if it is not inconsistent with domestic law.

5. Judicial Interpretation:

Indian courts play a vital role in interpreting and applying international law. The judiciary considers international law as a persuasive source of guidance, particularly when there is a gap in domestic law or ambiguity in its interpretation. Courts may refer to international conventions, principles, and judicial decisions to inform their rulings.

6. Constitutional Framework:

The Indian Constitution plays a significant role in determining the relationship between international law and domestic law. Article 51(c) of the Constitution mandates that the state shall foster respect for international law and treaties. This provision reflects the constitutional commitment to international law and its importance in shaping domestic policies and legal interpretations.

7. Human Rights:

International human rights law holds a special place within the Indian legal system. The judiciary has consistently recognized and relied upon international human rights norms to protect and promote fundamental rights guaranteed under the Constitution. Indian courts have often referred to international conventions and treaties to interpret and expand the scope of human rights protections.

8. Judicial Pragmatism:

While Indian courts respect international law, they prioritize the national interest and constitutional principles. In cases where domestic law conflicts with international law obligations, courts tend to interpret and reconcile the two, giving precedence to the Constitution and national sovereignty.

 Conclusion 

Indian courts are not automatically bound to follow international law. The incorporation of international law into domestic law requires specific legislative action or treaty ratification. However, international law, including customary international law and ratified treaties, serves as a persuasive source of guidance for the courts. The judiciary considers international legal principles, human rights norms, and judicial decisions in interpreting and applying the law. While respecting international obligations, Indian courts prioritize the national interest and the supremacy of the Constitution. This nuanced approach ensures a balance between international legal obligations and domestic considerations within the Indian legal system.